Knowledge center

Explainers & application notes

Practical write-ups on the physics and engineering behind laser processing, optics, vacuum systems, and production quality, by Casey D. Foley, PhD, a laser systems engineer and physical chemist. Each article works through real numbers, states its assumptions, and links to a calculator so you can run your own case.

Articles

Reference

Formula reference

The equations behind the articles and calculators in one place, with symbols, units, and links to the matching tool.

All tools

Engineering calculators

Search all 27 calculators for lasers, optics, vacuum, machine vision, and quality.